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Butternut & Black Walnut
Juglans cinerea L. and Juglans nigra L.
Juglandaceae
Image
A Black Walnut tree growing in Cootes Paradise, RBG Hamilton, Photo credit: J. Dolan 2022

Names and Their Meanings

Butternut - Juglans cinerea
English
White walnut
Kanienʼkéha
tyohwá:ta, kyewhá:ta, tyehá:ta, atyehwà:ta, tsiohsò:kwehs
Anishinaabemowin
mtigwaabaakook
French
Noyer cendré
Black Walnut - Juglans nigra
Kanienʼkéha
tsyohsò:kwak
Anishinaabemowin
bagaanaak
French
Noyer noir
Simon Bumberry (Bomberry?) with his fishing equipment, halfway between Six Nations of the Grand River and Tuscarora Nation in New York, Photo credit: Frederick Wilkerson Waugh, 1912, Canadian Museum of History
John Jamieson, Jr. fishing with a spear, Six Nations of the Grand River, Photo credit: F. W. Waugh, 1912, Canadian Museum of History
Fish trap made by David Skye, Six Nations of the Grand River, 1912, Photo credit: F. W. Waugh, Canadian Museum of History
Harvesting Butternuts; note texture of bark and shape and size of the nuts, Photo credit: Alyssa General, Autumn 2023
A Black Walnut tree growing in Cootes Paradise, RBG Hamilton, Photo credit: J. Dolan 2022
Alyssa General’s autumn 2023 Butternut harvest with her family – note the hulls, Photo credit: Alyssa General 2023
A Butternut tree growing at Cootes Paradise, RBG Hamilton; note the bark texture and furrows, Photo credit: Y.Z. Ni 2022
Black Walnuts are large and round, in contrast with Butternuts, which are smaller and lemon-shaped; Black walnuts have an aromatic hull, and Butternuts are sticky. Photo credit: J. Dolan 2021
Butternut trees growing in Copperkettle, Photo credit: J. Dolan 2022

Butternut

Description

In the 1910’s, Chief John Arthur Gibson described to Frederick Wilkerson Waugh that both Butternut and Black Walnut were “plentiful along the Grand River and in neighborhoods,” and that they were used extensively for food and dye. For foods, he described Butternut as being mixed with other nuts and cornmeal, and either beans or berries and made into bread. Butternuts were made into a kind of gravy, too. Black Walnut was used as a green or brown dye, depending upon the age of the walnuts and hulls.

Conservation Status

In Ontario S2 (Imperilled), Québec S1 (Critically Imperilled) and New York S4 (Apparently Secure)

Black Walnut

Description

Alyssa General described that she learned from her cousin that you can make a kind of sun tea out of walnut hulls that have fallen to the ground (unnecessary to dry them first, just put them in water in the sun). These can be used in shallow streams without a lot of movement to temporarily stun fish, to get bait for fishing. Her cousin described pouring the tea into shallow water, and the minnow would be temporarily paralyzed, and he would get baitfish.  She also learned from family and culture that the hulls can be used as an anti-parasitic medicine and for dye. Indeed, Black walnut hulls are widely sold on the market as an anti-parasitic herbal medicine.

Conservation Status

In Ontario S4 (Apparently Secure), and New York S5 (Secure)